The appearance of multidisciplinary groups dedicated to this topic, the development of research and scientific publication and the dissemination of specific recommendations by some international societies, confirms that this is undoubtedly a “hot topic” as far as oncology is concerned.

There is general consensus that the regular practice of physical exercise, especially if associated with other healthy lifestyle habits, reduces the risk of developing different types of cancer, such as colon and breast cancer. Furthermore, even after diagnosis, exercise has shown multiple benefits. In 2014, the European Society for Medical Oncology recommended that exercise should be considered a standard of care for all cancer survivors. The available evidence so far reveals an improvement in the level of quality of life, as well as in the control of several symptoms, such as fatigue, anxiety and depression. With regards to fatigue, it is important to note that it is one of the most prevalent symptoms in cancer patients (about 50%) and its management is hampered by a multifactorial aetiology and the scarcity of therapeutic options. In this field, exercise has proved to be one of the few effective interventions and is highly recommended.

However, despite the known benefits of exercise, concern remains as to how safe and effective the prescription of physical exercise can be effectively personalized, in a population as heterogeneous and clinically demanding as that of cancer patients, especially those undergoing chemotherapy (CT).

International recommendations are that it be prescribed by a multidisciplinary team (oncologist, cardiologist, physical therapist or exercise physiologist) and that the main analytical and clinical toxicities be considered when monitoring training. These two assumptions provide confidence and increase patient’s compliance.

In addition to a dedicated team, the specificities of patients undergoing chemotherapy, namely the risk of neutropenia and infection, as well as a greater clinical fragility, may require a more controlled training environment. In these cases, the general community gym may not be the most appropriate.

At the same time, patients who are informed on the health benefits, will have a greater motivation and adherence to the plan, as well as active personal surveillance of possible complications. This increase in oncology literacy will allow greater and better involvement of the patient in the discussion, definition of goals and decision-making.

Finally, the development of solid knowledge, relying on carefully designed studies that take into account the characteristics of the patient, the oncological disease and the training plan, will make it possible to advance in programs customized to each individual, meeting the needs and goals of each patient.

Alterations in the pattern related to the practice of physical exercise in cancer patients is shifting and is already underway, but it is up to health professionals to adequately outline the scientific and technical plan for its implementation and for patients to demand that it be put into practice.